Abuptio placentae denotes a condition in which there is partial separation of the placenta from the wall of the uterus in the last 3 months of pregnancy. The placenta carries all nourishment and oxygen to the unborn child. If the placenta partially separates prematurely, the child's life will be endangered. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide from the fetus and the supply of vital nutrients will be interrupted. Treatment depends on the severity of the separation, the condition of the fetus, and the age of the unborn child.
Abruptio placentae occurs in about 1% of all pregnancies throughout the world. The fetal perinatal mortality rate is approximately 15%.
Causes of Abruptio Placentae
Unknown.
Signs and Symptoms of Abruptio Placentae
Small separations of the placenta from the uterus result in vaginal bleeding, and mild pelvic pain with the fetus remaining healthy. Large separations result in heavier bleeding, and severe pain. The abdomen becomes hard, distended and tender. The mother may experience shock and anemia due to blood loss This leads to pallor, weakness, rapid heart rate and shortness of breath. The fetus will be in distress and the heartbeat inaudible. Coagulation disorders may develop from the release of certain elements of the placenta into the mother's circulation. This interferes with blood clotting and may result in nosebleeds, blood in the urine, oozing from venipuncture sites, bleeding into the skin, and round red spots on the skin.
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